Measurement Principles

X-ray fluorescence determines elemental content by exciting the sample with X-rays and measuring the element-specific fluorescence radiation emitted in the process — without digestion and without reagents.

Near-infrared spectroscopy is an optical measurement method for non-destructive determination of chemical and physical properties in real time.

Raman spectroscopy measures molecular vibrations and enables chemical characterization without contact and without sample preparation.

pH measurement determines the acid-base content of a solution and is one of the most widely used inline measurements in Process Analytical Technology (PAT).

Gas chromatography separates and identifies gaseous substances and is used for purity testing, calorific value determination and emissions monitoring.

Electrical conductivity measures the ion concentration in aqueous solutions — important in water treatment, pharmaceutical production and food industry.

UV/Vis spectroscopy uses light in the ultraviolet and visible range to determine concentration, turbidity and organic substances.